Adulteration

Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD-STUFFS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT iCBSE. com CHEMISTRY PROJECT WORK Name: Agilan Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD Seal 3 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry mentor Mrs. Shirley Zachariah, f or he r v i t a l s up por t , g u i da nc e a n d e nc our a g e me n t – wi t ho ut whi c h t hi s pr oj ec t woul d not ha ve c ome f or t h. I woul d a l s o l i ke t o express my gratitude to the lab assistant Mrs.Julie Sam for her support during t he maki ng of t hi s pr oj ect . iCBSE. com 4 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD S. No. Cont ent s Page No. I. Obj ecti ve 6 II. Introduction 8 III. Theory 9 IV. Experiment 1 10 iCBSE. com V. Experiment 2 11 VI. Experiment 3 12 VII. Resul t 13 VIII. Conclusion 14 IX. Bi bl i og r aphy 15 5 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD The Objective of this project is to study some of the common food adulterants present in different food stuffs. iCBSE. com 6 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD CBSE. com 7 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD Adulteration in food is normally present in its most crude form; pr ohi bi t e d s ubs t anc es ar e e i t her a dded or par t l y o r whol l y s ubs t i t ut ed. Nor ma l l y t he c ont ami na t i on/ a dul t er a t i o n i n f ood i s done ei t he r f or f i nanc i a l gai n or due to carel essness and l ack i n proper hygi eni c condi ti on of processi ng, storing, transportation and marketing. This ultimately results that the consumer is either cheated or often become victim of diseases.Such types of adulteration are quite common in developing countries or backward countries. It is equally important for the consumer to know the common adulterants and t hei r ef f ec t on heal t h. iCBSE. com 8 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD The increasi ng number of food producers and the outstanding amount of import foodstuffs enables the producers to mislead and cheat consumers. To differentiate those who take advantage of legal rules from the ones who commit food adulteration is very difficult. The consciousness of consumers woul d be c r uc i al .I g nor a nc e an d unf ai r ma r ket be havi or may enda nger consumer health and misleading can lead to poisoning. So we need simple screening tests for their detection. iCBSE. com In the past few decades, adulteration of food has become one of the serious problems. Consumption of adulterated food causes serious diseases l i ke cancer, di arr hoea, ast hma, ul cers , etc. Maj ori ty of f ats , oi l s and butter are par af f i n wa x , c as t or oi l a nd hydr oc ar bons . Red c hi l l i po wde r i s mi x e d wi t h br i c k powder a nd pe pper i s mi x ed wi t h dr i e d pa paya s ee ds .Thes e a dul t er ant s c an be eas i l y i de nt i f i ed by s i mpl e c he mi c al t es t s . Several agencies have been set up by the Government of India to remove adulterants from food stuffs. AGMARK – acronym for agricultural marketing†¦. this organization certifies food products for their quality. Its objective is to promote the Grading and Standardization of agricultural and allied commodities. 9 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD To detect the presence of adulterants in fat, oil and butter. REQUIREMENTS iCBSE. com Test-tube, acetic anhydride, conc. H SO , a c e t i c a c i d , c onc . HNO . PROCEDURE 4 Common adulterants present in ghee and oil are paraffin wax, hy dr oc ar bo ns , dyes and ar gemo ne oi l . The s e ar e de t ec t e d as f ol l ows : 3 (i) Adulteration of paraffin wax and hydrocarbon in vegetable ghee Heat small amount of vegetable ghee with acetic anhydride. Droplets of oil floating on the surface of unused acetic anhydride indicates the pr es enc e of wax or hy dr oc ar bons . (ii) Adulteration of dyes in fat Heat 1mL of fat with a mixture of 1mL of conc. sulphuric acid and 4mL of acet i c ac i d.Appear ance of pi nk or r ed col our i ndi cat es pr es enc e of dye i n f at . (iii) Adulteration of argemone oil in edible oils To small amount of oil in a test-tube, add few drops of conc. HNO and shake. Appearance of red colour in the acid layer indicates pr es enc e of ar gemo ne oi l . 3 10 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD To detec t the presence o f adul terants i n suga r REQUIREMENTS Test-tubes, dil. HCl. iCBSE. com PROCEDURE Sugar is usually contaminated with washing soda and other insoluble substances which are detected as follows : (i) Adulteration of various insoluble substances in sugarTake small amount of sugar i n a test-tube and shake it with l ittle wat e r . Pur e s ugar di s s ol ves i n wa t er but i ns ol ubl e i mpur i t i es do not di s s ol ve. (ii) Adulteration of chalk powder, washing soda in sugar To s mall amount of sugar i n a test- tube, add few drops of dil. HCl. Brisk effervescence of CO shows the presence of chal k powder or was hi ng s oda i n t he g i ve n s ampl e of s ugar . 2 11 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD To detec t the presence o f adul terants i n sampl es of chi l l i powder, turmeric powder and pepperREQUIREMENTS Test-tubes, conc. HCl , di l. HNO iCBSE. com , KI s ol ut i on PROCEDURE 3 Common adulterants present in chilli powder, turmeric powder and pepper a r e r e d c ol our ed l ea d s al t s , ye l l o w l ead s al t s a nd dr i e d papa ya s eeds respecti vel y. They are detected as follows : (i) Adulteration of red lead salts in chilli powder To a sample of chi ll i powder, add dil. HNO . Filter the solution and add 2 drops of potassium iodide solution to the filtrate. Yellow ppt. i ndi cates the presence of l ead sal ts i n chi l l i powder. 3 ii) Adulteration of yellow lead salts to turmeric powder To a sample of turmeric po wder add conc. HCl. Appearance of magenta col our shows t he presence of yel l ow oxi des of l ead i n t ur mer i c powder . (iii) Adulteration of brick powder in red chilli powder Add small amount of given red chilli powder in beaker containing wat e r . Br i c k powder s et t l es at t he bot t o m whi l e pur e c hi l l i powder floats over water. (iv) Adulteration of dried papaya seeds in pepper Add small amount of sample of pepper to a beaker containing water and stir with a glass rod.Dried papaya seeds being lighter float over wat e r whi l e pur e pepper s e t t l es at t he bo t t om. 12 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD EXPT. NO. EXPERI MENT PROCEDURE OBSERVATION 1. Adulterati on of paraff i n wax and hydr ocarbon i n veget abl e ghee 2. Adulterati on of dyes i n f at 3. Adulterati on of argemone oil in edible oi l s 4. Adulterati on of var i ous i ns ol ubl e substances in sugar Heat small amount of veget abl e ghee wi t h ac et i c anhydride. Dro plets of oil f l oat i ng on t he s ur f ac e of unused acet i c anhydri de i ndi cat e t he pr es ence of wax CBSE. com H 2 or hydr ocar bon. Heat 1mL of fat with a mixture of 1mL of conc. SO 4 and 4mL of acetic acid. To smal l amount of oi l i n a test tube, add few drops of conc. HNO 3 & shake. Take smal l amount of sugar i n a t es t t ube a nd s hake i t with little water. di s s ol ve. 5. Adulterati on of chal k powder , washi ng soda i n s ugar 6. Adeulterati on of yel l ow l ea d s al t s t o turmeric powder 7. Adulterati on of red l ead s a l t s i n c hi l l i powder 8. Adulterati on of brick powder i n chi l l i powder 9. Adulterati on of dried papaya seeds i n pepper To smal l amount of sugar i n a est tube, add a few drops of di l . HCl . To sampl e of t urmeri c powder , add conc. HCl . To a sampl e of chi l l i powder, add dil. HNO . Filter the solution and add 2 drops of KI solution to the filtrate. 3 Add smal l amount of gi ven red chilli powder in a beaker containi ng water. Add smal l amount of sample of pepper t o beaker containing water and stir with a glass rod. Appearance of oil f l oat i ng on t he surface. Appearance of pink colour. No red colour obs er ved Pure sugar di s s ol ves i n wa t er but i ns ol ubl e i mpuri ti es do not No brisk effervescence obs er ved. Appearance of agenta colour No yellow ppt. Br i ck powder set t l es at the bottom while pure chi l l i powder f l oat s over wat er . Dried papaya seeds bei ng l i ghter fl oat over wat er whi l e pure pepper settl es at the bottom. 13 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD Selection of wholesome and non-adulterated food is essential for daily l i f e to make sure t hat s uch f oods do not cause any heal t h hazar d. I t i s not pos s i bl e t o e ns ur e whol es ome f ood onl y o n v i s ual ex ami na t i o n whe n t he t ox i c contaminants are present in ppm level.However, visual examination of the food before purchase makes sure to ensure absence of insects, visual fungus, foreign matters, etc. Therefore, due care taken by the consumer at the time of pur c has e of f ood af t er t hor oughl y e x ami ni ng c a n be of gr ea t he l p. S ec ondl y, l abel decl arati on on packed f ood i s ver y i mportant f or knowi ng t he i ngredi ents and nutritional value. It also helps in checking the freshness of the food and t he per i od of bes t bef or e us e.The cons umer s houl d avoi d t aki ng f ood f r om an unhy gi e ni c pl ac e and f ood bei ng pr epa r ed under unhyg i eni c c ondi t i ons . S uc h t ypes of f ood may caus e var i ous di s eas es . Cons umpt i on of cut f r ui t s bei ng s ol d i n unhygi eni c condi ti ons shoul d be avoi ded. I t i s al ways bet ter to buy cert i f i ed food from reputed shop. iCBSE. com 14 | P a g e Chemistry Project on STUDY OF ADULTERANTS IN FOOD iCBSE. com ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA 2009 www. wikipedia. com www. answers. com www. google. com 15 | P a g e

A T-shirt Epic Essay

Pietra Rivoli’s delightful narrative, The Travels of A T-Shirt in the Global Economy, goes about a surprising journey around the global village to discover an entangled web of economic and political forces that move this piece of clothing around. The book is split into four parts of a t-shirt’s life.   Part one of the book deals with the cotton industry.   Rivoli’s own surprise at learning that the cotton used for her shirt comes from Texas opens up this chapter on the continuing dominance of the American cotton industry.   The book then continues to explain the reasons for these—aside from government subsidies, the larger part of America’s continuing competitive advantage is its â€Å"virtuous cycle† of governance.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"In the United States, the farms work, the market works, the government works, the science works, and the universities work.† (Rivoli 7). The second part of the book is about the textile industry’s so called â€Å"race to the bottom†.   Industrialization is ushered in by the textile industry, and Rivoli gives examples from 19th century England to the Asian economic powerhouses Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong in the 20th century.   The third part is about the complexity of getting a textile import into the United States, with all the confusing legislation brought about by decades of political control held by textile manufacturers in America.   In the final part of the book, Rivoli examines the global market for used t-shirts, which she concedes is the final place where markets actually determine its origin and destination. Free Trade or Protectionism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The author is not making an argument for either protectionism or free trade.   Obviously, as a trained economist, Rivoli favors free trade, as do all her colleagues in an almost unanimous voice.   However, the book does not argue for either side, and instead illustrates that both sides of this policy divide unwittingly spur economic development. Free trade policies encourage more â€Å"races to the bottom† as production shifts to low cost countries; however protectionist policies also contribute to another type of race.   In the battle for quota imports to the United States, for example, investment has flowed into areas where there is less restriction on trade with the world’s largest consumer of textiles and apparel.   In the modern-day case with China, the relatively low quota limits that China has for its exports to the US before the expiration of the Multifiber Agreement (MFA) (Rivoli 121) has encouraged investments in other developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh and even Sub-Saharan Africa.   As the book notes, the exclusion of one creates opportunities for another, and the humble textile industry is the first step towards industrialization for many developing nations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Rivoli further notes, when the MFA was scheduled to be taken down, a lot of other developing countries were scared of China eating everyone’s share of the textile pie.   It represents one of the few actually plausible pro-protectionist arguments in the book, which are not really argued for but just explained. The role of politics in international trade It’s a given fact that politicians will listen more often that not to their constituents first instead of to common sense.   Unfortunate as it may be, politics more often than not counter the market forces that power the global race to the bottom.   Rivoli puts it as â€Å"While the market forces powering the race to the bottom are strong, the political forces pushing back against the markets are strong as well, particularly in the United States.† (Rivoli 115) This clash between the two has made importation of textiles a very complicated business in the United States, and changes the face of international trade with it.   If an item cannot be imported from China, it is imported from Mexico instead, giving an artificial advantage to some countries that will not be there if market forces were solely in control.   The decisions that politicians like congressmen and senators in Washington make often influence the very futures of some countries in the world. Rivoli characterizes American industries that are aging as trying to escape market forces by clinging on to their political supports.   Instead of a paradise of no intervention and perfect competition, what happens is that more often politics exert a big unpredictable force that tilts the equation over completely.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another example was 18th century England, where to no avail Parliament tried to pass acts that would protect their domestic wool producers.   Instead of having the intended consequences (i.e. eliminating imported cotton), it just pushed international trade to adapt to the circumstances. The â€Å"race to the bottom† phrase used so much in the book is one of the most intriguing ideas of Rivoli. Basically it says that the textile industry, like all industries is governed by market forces.   On the supply side, producers seek more and more productivity for lower costs—a reaction that sparked the original Industrial Revolution.   However, as wages go up along with production costs, producers are keen on reducing costs and preserving low prices with huge markets.   These trends doom an industrial country’s textile production after it becomes less competitive than another aspiring country who is not the leader in the â€Å"bottom† of production costs. The fire of the Industrial Revolution spread to the United States, and then in the last century to Asia, where during the past twenty or so years China has held the spot as top in this ubiquitous â€Å"race to the bottom†. The other side of the argument—those activists who bring about higher minimum wages and better labor standards, hasten the fall of a country from the â€Å"race to the bottom†, but at the same time also hasten industrialization and the development of other more value-added industries.   It also makes another country leader of the race to the bottom, ready to start the cycle all over again. This â€Å"history repeats itself† phenomenon—from Britain to Taiwan leaves the reader enthusiastic of the future, and of how economics will eventually make all the people of the world feel a little bit better. R E F E R E N C E Rivoli, Pietra. The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy. New Jersey :Wiley, 2005.

Airtel HRM

Because we cannot provide ARÊTE'S personnel replacement chart we have made our own overview which we belief that must be a little similar to not only AIRTIME but also all other companies in BANGLADESH. The above figure has 2 approaches they are: Approach 1 The first is the traditional approach. Create a chart for each work group similar to the one shown in Figure 1. For each worker, identify at least three back-ups.Indicate by a code whether each worker can do the whole Job at present or if the individual needs additional training. (A typical code is RAN = Ready now as a replacement; RI ? Needs six months of on the Job development to be ready; and RE = Needs one year of on-the-Job development. ) Next to the code, managers can indicate what additional training or practical experience might be needed so that the worker can successfully perform all aspects of the work. This chart can be drafted in a group setting or by a manager and then shared more widely for reaction and improvemen t. Approach 2The second is a more detailed approach and is based on the so-called DIDACTIC Developing a Curriculum. (For more detailed information about the approach, see http://www. Dacca. Org. ) While DIDACTIC has traditionally been used to pinpoint the work activities of one Job or occupation, it can also be more creatively used to list all the work activities of a department or division. DIDACTIC is quite simple. Think of it as based on structured brainstorming. Call all the workers of a department or staff unit together?that can be done by shift?and ask them what they do every day regardless of their respective Jobs.Place each work activity, beginning with a verb, on a single sheet of paper and post it on a wall for everyone to see. (Examples of work activities might include â€Å"meets with prospective donors,† â€Å"advises the programming board,† or â€Å"updates the website. â€Å") When conducting a DIDACTIC session, it is most useful for one person to faci litate and several others to write down the work activities and post them on the wall. Once the brainstorming is finished, the activities can be organized into categories. The result of this session will be a map of all the work activities?essentially, a unimpressive Job description?of a unit or department.Once that (perhaps lengthy) list of work activities has been identified, it is then possible to examine each task to indicate which employees?and how many?perform those activities. Such a comprehensive list of work activities can guide cross-training and on-the-Job training to plan replacements. This approach can also be helpful in identifying and attempting to eliminate time-wasting work activities. It can also reduce the time it takes to train replacements by making clear exactly what work is done. The Job map can be translated into a checklist to guide, and effectively accelerate, on-the-Job cross-training.Such documentation of training will then aid managers in holding employe es accountable for knowing what to do. Promotion means to give a higher position, status, salary and responsibility to the employee. So, the vacancy can be filled by promoting a suitable candidate from the same organization. TRANSFER: Transfer means a change in the place of employment without any change in the position, status, salary and responsibility of the employee. So, the vacancy can e filled by transferring a suitable candidate from the same organization.REHIRING: The employees who have retired from the Job but they are rehired for their contribution and experience also the employee who leave the Job for a long period they also rehired if they apply to the organization internally. JOB POSTING: The major means for recruiting employees for other Jobs within the organization is a Job posting system. Job posting is a system in which the employer provides notices of Job openings and employees respond by applying for specific openings. The organization can notify employees of all J ob vacancies by posting deices, circulating publications or in some other way inviting employees to apply for jabs.In a unionized organization, Job posting and bidding can be quite formal; the procedure often is spelled out in the labor agreement. Is an organization that always focus on internal recruitment, promotions and transfers. They always motivate the internal employees to their career path in right way in AIRTIME. They always show them the right system so that AIRTIME can get their loyal employee and most importantly can recruit their employees internally which cost effective also. Promotion and transfer is highly appreciated in AIRTIME. They promote their employees and sometimes transfer them to other places with facilities.To get promote or to get promotion with transfer the employees must be eligible for some criteria. They are: They have to be on-roll employee of AIRTIME Ltd. Or its subsidiaries; For Brand S – have had at least 12 months of continuous service with AIRTIME services ; For Brand F/SMS, 1&2 – have had at least 18 months of continuous service with AIRTIME or one of its subsidiaries; Form Brand 3 & above – have had at least 24 months of continuous service with AIRTIME or one of its subsidiaries; Have spent at or a Job in another business unit or at another location within the company.Is case if an employee has changed location in the same circle while doing the same Job/role, he/she will be eligible to apply for the UP; Is cases where an employee has accepted a position as a consequence of organization changes, the employee in addition to satisfying the above conditions also needs to spends at least 6 months in the position before he/she is eligible of the UP; For the purpose of counting the minimum tenure as required above the following do not constitute a role change: Additional Jobs added on the existing Job;Job change within the same vertical in a function continuing to report to the same position or manager; Job name change, if the primary duties remain the same; A promotion with no change in responsibilities; Have been rated other than the following ratings ‘ALL', ‘ALL', ‘ALL' in their least performance appraisal in case of Band 1 and above employees; Have been rated other than the ‘AH' rating in their latest performance appraisal in case of Band F, SMS and below employee; This is not applicable to young leaders in their first year training.In addition of fulfilling the above eligibility criteria, in case of a manager electing a candidate from his immediate (6 months) ex-team, he needs to take the consent of the current manager of the team. AIRTIME focuses more in rehiring. Because they belief that hiring an old employee than a new employee is far more better. Because the old employee knows a lot about the organization also knows the tradition and the culture of the organization and also it is cost effective. To rehire AIRTIME has some guideline.An ex-employee can be considered for re-hiring if: He/she has resigned voluntarily during his/her previous tenure; Must not have obtained performance rating of ‘ALL/ALL/ALL or AH' in the appraisal cycle before leaving the service of the company. To be considered for rehiring, an ex-employee has to apply for an open position after the period of recall specified in the following clause has passed and got selected for the same after going through the selection procedure.An employee who had been laid off shall be considered as re-hired when the position he/she has applied for and got selected is different from the position help prior to layoff in the same or different unit, where essential functions, requirements ND/or conditions of employment differ from the position help prior to layoff. From Competition: Re-hiring of ex-employees from competition (I. E.

Whale Printing Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whale Printing Company - Case Study Example The case is about a printing company that has been offered a job to print 10,000 copies of a marketing brochure within five days. The printing company has been offered a price of $700 for the job and this report analyzes the cost of the job and its benefits to the company and then suggests what decision should be taken by the President of the company, Victory Hussey. In addition to this, the report also analyzes non-accounting factors that could influence the decision of Victory Hussey while accepting or rejecting the job. Victor Hussey is the president of a printing company known as Whale Printing Company and he has been offered a job by the president of Salter Associates, Katherine Salter. The job is to print 10,000 copies of a promotional brochure but the deadline of the project is tight and it has to be completed by Friday noon. Price agreed by the Katherine Salter previously is $700 for the printing work and Hussey has to either accept the job or reject it. The following table explains the cost of this project which includes; direct labor, direct material, overheads as well as the selling and administrative expense for Whale Printing Company. As the total cost of the project is $810 whereas the revenue of the project earned would be $700, therefore by accepting the project, Whale Printing Company would have to incur a loss of $110. Therefore the job offered by the president of Salter Associates, Katherine Salter should not be accepted. Variable costs are the costs that would change with changes in the output of the company and as company produces more or increases the output, variable cost of the company would increase. Whereas, fixed costs do not vary with the changes in output of the company and as output increases, fixed cost of the company remains fixed (Khan, 1993). If the job is not completed on time, then it would hurt the image of the company and customers might not trust the wordings of Mr. Hussey in future. It is important to built long term customers for every company instead of looking for short term profits and as the deadline of the project is tight and if it is accepted and deadline is not met, then it would be a long term loss for Whale Printing Company. Plus the project itself is not acceptable in terms of profitability; therefore there is no reason why Mr. Hussey should accept the job.

Importance of Intellectual Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Importance of Intellectual Capital - Essay Example Intellectual capital produces wealth through information technology and also encourages business leaders to become critical analysts of economic trends specially those factors associated to finance, performance management, production, distribution, marketing and other related exchanges in trade flows, investment, and human resource management. It also hastens wise decision-makings on matters affected by political and market behaviours. These days, business enterprises rely on information capital as technologies have elaborately underscored the role of information, knowledge and experiences for economic activities. It’s in this context too that the world’s economy transitioned itself from simple dependency on science and technology to an economic system that considered the production of knowledge as primary factors for business management. Nowadays, intellectual capital is considered as the most valuable asset in this era of information. Business leaders would opt for hu man resources that have strong cognitive skills and the capacity to undertake market research and finance analysis. Moreover, the operation of a corporation require intensive and accurate reporting of all offices or departments to know results and which will form part in the planning for execution, and auditing – processes that are integral to effective corporate governance. Experts opined that investors and information users would certainly delve into the reasonableness of justification, for instance, in accounting information. The latter is needed for financial and operational decision-making which may cover issues on investments, credit, management stewardship, resource allocation and corporate responsibility. Thus, shareholders would demand documented accounting to determine growth, return of investments, risks, capital gain or profit, for stock options or for rewards. For monitoring purpose and management concern, quality accounting information is necessary to ascertain collation, litigation, or political costs, including concern for competitive leveraging. Such wide information is required in managing business to enforce regulatory measures to protect and control business interests. 2. Why investors and other information users search for intellectual capital information from other sources? Investors search for intellectual capital to ascertain that their investments will be managed well. This relates to business sector’s interest to be certain that the company they collaborate or partner with have the capacity to professionally manage assets, real estates, or securities -- which include bond and debt instruments. With financial stability and profits as goals, investors and information users will also be interested that the intellectual capital of the company can wield demanded performance that warrants better if not excellent corporate standing of a company. As such the company will also be evaluating to assess financial viability, to deter mine business leadership and to secure return of investments. Thus, for company seeking more capital investments, disclosure of financial status offers corporate reputation; inspire third party certification that will show its compliance or adherence to legal requirements. A corporation with business integrity could assert corporate control

International Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Financial Management - Assignment Example Hedging is one feature of the forward market. MNC’s. Hedging the amount that they are supposed to receive or pay in foreign currency will make the spot rate unimportant for them till their future payment. There is very little difference between the forward and future market. But the differences are very important. Unlike the forward market, which is characterized by personalized contracts with no initial payment necessary, future market have standardized contracts with at least marginal payment paid initially. This implies that the amount that is being transacted can be of any value. Future contracts specify the volume of a particular currency to be used for transaction at the specified date. Secondly, for forward contracts there is no organized exchange present in the future contracts as the contracting parties directly do the transactions. Thirdly, the contract size depends on the contracting parties in case of the forward contracts. But, for the future contracts, contract s ize is standardized. Fourthly, future contracts are government- regulated and bears low risk while forward contracts are unregulated and are high-risk bearing as there are chances of default. (Madura 2009, pp. 108-110)   Speculators purchase currency futures to capitalize their expectation about the ups and downs associated with respect to currency movement. Suppose a speculator expects appreciation of a particular currency in the future. They can then buy future contracts and hence lock the price of that currency for a specific settlement date. On this date they can buy their currency at a rate specified in the futures contract and sell it at the spot rate, which is less than the rate specified in the futures contract. If  the spot rate has appreciated, then they extract profit. Different expectations of the speculators guide their decisions to sell and purchase future contracts. Corporations use currency futures to hedge and thus reduce their

Valuation of TESCO PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Valuation of TESCO PLC - Essay Example Tesco has also entered the US market in 2007 under the name Fresh and Easy and is planning to invest about $500 million for starting a network of 150 stores in the US West Coast. Its retail operations include groceries and food items which accounts for almost 80% of its sales and also has a very profitable online trading business. The company also sells non food items like clothing, electronics, pharmaceuticals, books, insurance, alternative medicines, certain legal services, petrol etc. In terms of turnover Tesco Plc is the fourth largest retailer in the world, the 1st three positions being held by Wal Mart, Carrefour of France and The Home Depot of the USA respectively and ranks 59 in the Fortune Global 500 according to CNNMoney.com. The group has around 3000 stores and employees around 400,000 people worldwide. It is at present the largest employee in Britain in the private sector. The turnover of the company for the twelve months ending December 2007 was  £46 billion and it has increased profit every year except in 1987. As in the case with most fast growing companies Tesco has had its share of accusations and criticism which includes undercutting the competition, exploiting suppliers and workers and of employing child labor in certain markets. Early Days and later expansion: In 1919 John Edward Cohen started a small grocery shop in East London with a thirty pound stipend he received from the Royal Flying Corps. One of the products he sold was a private brand of tea named Tesco, derived from the name of his supplier Mr. T E Stckwell (the first three letters of his name TES and CO from his surname) and he used this as the name of the his store which he opened in 1929 in North London. The company was incorporated as a private limited company in 1932 named Tesco Stores Ltd. His business flourished and a new headquarters was built on a

Inheritance Taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Inheritance Taxes - Essay Example â€Å"Death tax† label came about during the debate in the first years of George W. Bush’s presidency when those who saw the inheritance tax as a tax on wealth—their wealth—wanted it repealed. Using terms such as â€Å"death tax,† and framing the inheritance tax as a â€Å"double tax,† the small minority, approximately 2% of Americans, won the repeal. It did not hurt having a president set not only to inherit but who also has heirs to a sizeable fortune, and who wanted to please his â€Å"base,† deep-pocketed conservatives. In all actuality, the inheritance tax is a wealth tax: it taxes estates willed to heirs that net worth exceeds $5 million, so only the wealthy are affected by it. Even David Joulfaian of the U.S. Department of the Treasury admits that it is a wealth tax. â€Å"The estate and gift tax is the only wealth tax levied by the federal government. The estate tax was first enacted in 1916 and applied to the wealth of decede nts with estates in excess of $50,000. It has undergone numerous changes, especially in 1976, 1981, and 1997. Significant temporary changes were introduced in 2001 and are set to expire in 2011†. Yet even many poor people oppose it because they believe it will somehow affect them, and that has to do with the way those who the tax will affect marketed the idea to the masses. Conservatives succeeded in their efforts to have the estate tax temporarily repealed mainly because of the way they presented their argument. They framed the argument against the estate tax as though it would affect everybody who would inherit any sum of money or property upon a relative’s death including the heirs of small business owners and farmers. These people fear that, should they die, their business or farmland would be worth more than the $5 million dollars where the estate tax kicks in, and then their heirs would not be able to keep the business or land, which would affect the future income of the heirs. Small business owners and farmers, who subscribe to the conservative view, fear that if they die suddenly their families would be left in poverty because the government would tax them out of their source of income. But, conservatives not only emphasize the fact that heirs would not inherit the full worth of a business or farm they include the presumption that small business owners are so concerned over the estate tax that it affects their hiring practices. The website, Nodeathtax.org, says, â€Å"The United States economy has endured a severe recession and is currently growing too slowly. Accordingly, it is imperative that policy be focused on generating the maximum possible pace of economic growth. The estate tax is an important element of pro-growth tax policy. Recent research indicates that the estate tax has significant impacts on asset accumulation (and, thus, balance sheet repair), as well as the payroll and

Question 1. Impact of Language and cultural Diversity on Ammerica's Essay

Question 1. Impact of Language and cultural Diversity on Ammerica's Pluralistic Society - Essay Example By definition, a society is composed of a group of people who shares the same beliefs, values, interests, and activities. It can be an ethnic group, a community, or a country. In relation to this, there are also different types of society that exists and co-exists. One of these societies is the pluralistic type of society where power is distributed within the sub-groups in the society. Aside from distribution of power, a pluralistic society is also diverse such as the American society (Carroll and Buchholtz 6-8). In relation to this, the diverse languages present in the American pluralistic society had greatly affected the education system of America. The differences of language brought by studying within a majority culture bring difficulties to students that enter the American educational system. There have been an increasing number of students who speak other languages other than English which causes these students to be inarticulate in the English language. Also, due to the increa se of multilingual or non-English speaking students, the educational system must provide instructions in line with the mother language of the students. In this manner, the educational system must be reevaluated in order to provide the necessary instructions for all students. Also, the cultural diversity affects the American educational system because most of the time, the minority groups are continued to be taught with the curriculum that is not based on their culture. This is because the instruction materials, as well as the teachers, continue to teach through the usual American educational system. As a result, the student will eventually be affected in terms of his or her cultural behavior (Hardman, Drew, and Egan; Naylor 99). In relation to the business industry or the corporate world of America, the presence of language and cultural diversity also means that the workforce will be made up of different types of people. These differences encompass the different beliefs, cultural or ientation, gender, race, and ethnicity. Due to this, corporate America had used the term workplace diversity in order to cite such differences. Workplace diversity also plays a vital role in the manner of managing and handling employees from top to bottom. Also, workplace diversity, if managed properly, is an advantageous way of opening a company or an industry to a more diverse clientele. In order to gain optimum advantage of workplace diversity, managers have been trained with different diversity programs. Some of the few advantages of workplace diversity include acquisition of resources, advantage in the branch of marketing, and the ability to complement bilingual skill with the orthodox skills (Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor 252-254). There were also changes in America’s mass media during the time when the American society became more and more pluralistic. Many of the media outlets conceded that it was important to act upon the continuing pluralistic society of the United Stat es fairly. In this manner, changes were done in the attitude of the media in stereotyping. In the early 1980, many of the minority groups in America were represented falsely in movies, television, and even in novels and books. However, as the increase of language and cultural diversity occurred in the United States, many media outlets had employed and changed the perspectives on minority

Animal adaption report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal adaption report - Essay Example For instance, a sunflower’s ecological niche is absorption of water, lights, and nutrients. Offering food to some organisms and releasing oxygen in the atmosphere (Daily, 2014). A structural adaptation is defined as the physical characteristics that an organism develops in order to survive in a particular environment. The video shows a type of reptile that has developed sharp teeth to grasp slippery seaweed. The developed teeth is an example of adaptation that gives the reptile better likelihood of obtaining food thus surviving in the particular habitat. They have also developed a flat snout that helps them graze. Physiological adaptations accounts for the way an organism adjusts or regulates bodily functions in response to a situation or its environment. An example from the video is the oxygen carrying capacity that the iguana reptile has developed to enable it dive for up an hour to get seaweed. The ability to dive deep enables the iguana reptile to dive deeper thus finding food. An example of behavioral adaptation from the video is the migration of birds (albatross). Albatross migrate in response to their mating instincts. The behavioral adaptation that albatross has developed for mating allows their population to gather in one place and at a specific time and ensures their ongoing reproduction. In the former times, cheetahs were prevalent and common in various regions of the pre medieval world. However, nowadays, they are sported in specific parts of the world mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, emote and secluded North African regions, as well as Iranian and Pakistani enclaves. The largest Cheetah population’s concentration is in Namibia, Southwest Africa. This place is therefore famous as "the land of cheetahs." The cheetah’s diet includes mammals ranging from small to medium size, which are lighter than 40kg. Some of these are impala, gazelles, and wildebeest calves. Other prey

Bottled Water Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bottled Water - Coursework Example Beyond the realm of health concerns, which are satisfied by using bottled water, what actually needs to be justified is the price we pay for it, both environmentally and economically. Even though the water purification procedures are expensive, and they destroy certain minerals during the treatment, they still ensure water purity. Alongside this, the recyclable bottles help in environmental conservation rather than further polluting the environment. Comparatively, tap water is prone to be contaminated by hazardous pollutants from underground seepage and water pollution. But it is important to understand that the lack of few minerals is better than drinking contaminated water and endangering lives. As a result, both tap and bottled water are under scrutiny about their purity and mineral content. This has become an ongoing debate to justify which one of the either two is a better, viable option. As the argument above tends to support the cleanliness of bottled-water, the prime concern of everyone should be to protect their lives without compromising it at the hands of impure drinking water. Hu, Zhihua., Morton, L.W., & Mahler, R.L. (2011). Bottled Water: United States Consumers and Their Perceptions of Water Quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8,

Format for a Business Report Essay Example for Free

Format for a Business Report Essay There are few standard rules for writing business reports that dictate what information should come in which section of the report. This format is followed in most of the business report examples, that one may refer to. The most widely used format consists of the following standard sections: Title Section: In a short report, this could be the first page bearing the title of the report, author name and date. The reason of making such a report could also be included in this section, so that the reader can establish an instant connection with the information in subsequent sections. In case of long reports, include the Table of Contents, Terms of References and so on. Summary: As the name suggests, this is the summary of the whole report. Then why include it in the beginning of the report itself? It is because this is the section that most of the senior personnel, who do not have enough time to go through the whole report, will read through. Hence, give a very clear and precise information about the problem/aspect of business that the report is analyzing. Also, include the main points, conclusions, recommendations and important results. Although, this section contains a lot of information, ensure that it is a small one. Treat the summary as a separate report and use bullets and numbered lists to highlight important points. Methodology: List the methodologies used in your research, like if you interviewed focus groups or consulted research firms. Also, give the reason why you resorted to using a particular methodology. Introduction: This is the first part of a proper report. Use this section to provide the background of the report. Highlight the reasons why the report is important for the readers. Include information about what is covered in the main body and the order in which the details are covered in the report. In case, the Terms of Reference has not been mentioned in the Title Section, Introduction is the section to include it. Main Body: This is the heart of the report. Arrange all the information in order of priority, so that this section follows a logical sequence. Divide this section further into subsections. Lend greater order to the Main Body using sub-titles within each subsection. A paragraph about the relevance of the findings of the report can also be included in this section. Data Tabulation: Another important factor when writing format of business report is data tabulation. Presenting your data in lists or tables can help in readily understanding the report. Also, data tabulation or listing, makes the report look professional and neat. So, accompany necessary lists or tables in your report whenever required. Make sure you use neutral colors to make tables and keep the list and tables looking neat and crisp. Conclusion: Present logical conclusions for the topic investigated in the report. One can also suggest an option for the way forward. In case, discussion has not been included in the Main Body, include it in the conclusion. Otherwise keep this section small. Recommendations: Since you have worked on the report, no one would have a better understanding of the topic than you. There may be a few solutions or actions that you think would be effective in dealing with the problem, investigated in the report. Include those solutions in this section. List them in bullets and numbered lists for easier comprehension. Appendix: Although very few people read the Appendix, the information in this section gives support to the arguments used in the report. It is the Appendix where the author includes all the sources and research information, in detail. Although it is not about creative writing, good writing skills are important in business information reports, as one needs to give comprehensive information using precise words. It is advisable to keep the language simple and lucid in a business report, specially in the Summary and the Recommendations, as these are the sections most commonly read by senior level managers. However, some technical jargon can be used in the Main Body, as this is the section that is mostly read by experts. In the world of business, time is money. Following a standard business report format is what senior level managers and busy businessmen look for, as it reflects what they value the most, that is effective utilization of time. You can find many such examples online and use them as a reference for designing a suitable report format.

Physical Exertion Affect Bone Growth Health And Social Care Essay

Physical Exertion Affect Bone Growth Health And Social Care Essay Compact bone is hard due to mineral deposits of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate (calcium and phosphorus). This bone consists of tightly packed osteons or haversian systems and many layers with few gaps on this tissue therefore it is dense and hard. The hard minerals and flexible collagen makes bone strong. Each osteon consist of concentric layers of hard mineralized matrix (concentric lamellae). Bones consist mainly of calcium. Calcium is important it is a cofactor for enzyme function, in maintaining cell membranes, in muscle contraction, nervous system functions, and in blood clotting. When the diet does not provide a sufficient amount of calcium, it is released from the bones, and when there is too much calcium in the body, it is stored in the bones. Vitamin D is important for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine. Vitamin D is found in foods such as eggs, milk and other dairy products. Vitamin D forms from a substance (dehydrocholesterol) produced by cells in the digestive tract or obtained in the diet. Dehydrocholesterol is carried by the blood to the skin, it is converted to a compound that becomes vitamin D. Skin helps to manufacture vitamin D from ultraviolet light, which is important to normal bone growth and development. The organic substances of bone give it a certain degree of flexibility. The inorganic portion of bone is made from mineral salts such as calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride, magnesium phosphate, sodium oxide, and sodium chloride. These minerals give bone its hardness and durability. The bone became brittle and elastic due to loss of calcium. In rickets condition bones become soft, brittle due to lack of calcification, causing deformities as bowlegs. In the absence of this vitamin, calcium is poorly absorbed, and the inorganic salt portion of bone matrix lacks calcium causing bone deformities. In children, this condition is called rickets, and in adults, it is called osteomalacia. Vitamin A is important for osteoblast and osteoclast activity during normal development. The deficiency of vitamin A may retard bone development. Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis. If osteoblasts produce less collagen in the intercellular material of the bone tissue this deficiency will make bones fragile. Bone adapts to changing stresses and forces. When muscles increase and become more powerful due to exercise, the corresponding bones also become thicker and stronger through stimulation of osteoblasts. Regular exercise maintains normal bone structure. Bones which are not subjected to normal stresses, such as an injured leg immobilized in a cast, quickly degenerate. Without exercise the bone tissue becoming thinner and weaker (atrophy). 2. How do the relative proportions of the cranium and face of a fetus compare with those of the adult skull? The skull consists of two sets of bones: cranial and the facial bones. The soft spots of a babys skull are areas of incompletely ossified bones called fontanels. The bones of the skull are connected by fibrous, pliable, connective tissue at birth. The flexibility of these connections allows the skull bones to move and overlap as the infant passes through the birth canal. The fontanels begin to close about two months after birth. The largest of the fontanels, the frontal fontanel located on the top of the skull, does not close until 18 to 24 months of age. Cranial bones are thin and slightly curved. During infancy, these bones are held together by an irregular band of connective tissue called a suture. As the child grows, this connective tissue ossifies and turns into hard bone. The frontal bone and mandible are separate right and left bones but fuse medially by age 5 or 6. In newborn, face is flat and the cranium is large. The brain grows faster than the rest of body meaning the head is larger than body, and in adults the head is smaller than body. The infants cranium is big comparing to its face, have two openings called fontanels, the bones of the skull consist of four plates that are not fused 3. How does the shape of the joint impact its ability to move? Some joints are very flexible, allowing movement, while others are strong, providing protection of the internal tissues and organs, but do not permit movement. The fibrous joints are mostly immovable. The three types of fibrous joints are sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses. Sutures provide protection for the brain and are only found in the adult skull. They are immovable joints. A syndesmoses joint is a joint where the bones do not touch each other and are held together by fibrous connective tissue. A gosphosis joint is composed of peg and socket. A synarthrosis joint is immovable. An amphiarthrosis joint is slightly movable. A diarthrosis joint is a freely movable joint. The movable joints consist of three main parts: articular cartilage, a bursa (joint capsule), and a synovial (joint) cavity. Functional Category Structural Category Example Synarthrosis (immovable joints) Fibrous Suture Gomphosis Cartilaginous Synchondrosis Between bones of adult skull Between teeth and jaw Epithyseal cartilages Amphiarthrosis (little movement) Fibrous Syndesmosis Cartilaginous Symphysis Between the tibia and fibula Between right and left public bones of pelvis Between adjacent vertebral bodies along vertebral column Diarthrosis (free movement) Synovial Elbow, ankle, ribs, wrist, shoulder, hip Type of Joint Type of Movement Example Planar Gliding Joints between carpals and tarsals Hinge Flexion and extension Elbow, knee, and ankle Pivot Rotation Atlantoaxial joint (between first and second vertebrae) Condyloid Abduction and adduction Wrist joint Saddle Flexion, extension, metacarpal abduction, adduction Carpometacarpal joint (between bone of thumb and carpal bone of wrist) circumduction Ball-and-Socket Rotation, abduction, adduction, circumduction Shoulder and hip joints 4. Why is articular cartilage important? The articular cartilage covers and protects the bone ends. The articular cartilage also acts as a shock absorber. The articular capsule encloses the joint structure. Articular cartilage is a highly organized avascular tissue composed of chondrocytes embedded within an extracellular matrix of collagens, proteoglycans and noncollagenous proteins. Its primary function is to enable the smooth articulation of joint surfaces, and to cushion compressive, tensile and shearing forces. The articular cartilage is a layer of hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage has one of the lowest coefficients of friction known for any surface to surface contact. The synovial fluid and cartilages make joint movements friction-free. Case Study: Fractured leg Chief Complaint: 14-year-old girl admitted with a broken left leg. History: Nicole Michaelson, a 14-year-old girl, was skiing when she fell and broke her left leg. As she fell, her left leg got caught under the body of another skier who ran into her. An X-ray revealed that the fracture was a compound, tibial-fibular fracture just below the knee. The X-ray also revealed a torn meniscal cartilage in the knee above the fracture. The girl remained in the hospital for 14 days because of an infection of the leg in the area of skin breakage. Her immobilized leg was casted after the infection subsided. She remained in a full leg-length cast for 3 months, after which the upper portion of the cast was removed and she was allowed to start bearing weight on the leg. The bones ultimately healed, but the girl continued to have left knee swelling (water on the knee) and pain made worse by walking. Arthroscopic examination of the knee revealed a meniscus that was still torn 6 months after her injury. Questions 1. What does the term tibial-fibular fracture mean? It is a fracture of both the tibia and fibula in the lower leg below the knee. 2. What is a compound fracture? When fracture occurs, there is swelling due to injury and bleeding tissues. A compound fracture is where the broken bone ends pierce and protrude through the skin. This cause infection of the bone and neighboring tissues. The process of restoring bone is done through three methods: closed reduction, open reduction, and traction. 3. Why was her injury more likely to become infected than a routine fracture of the leg? Nicole has an open/compound fracture where the broken bone ends pierce and protrude through the skin. This can cause infection of the bone and neighboring tissues since the skin is normally colonized with bacteria. The infections of osseous tissue are difficult to treat. 4. Describe the microscopic features of osseous tissue that help long bones withstand lateral stress without breaking. The lateral stress placed on Nicoles left tibia and fibula causing: 1. Stretching/tearing on the side opposite of the impact The bony collar withstands tearing apart by vertically arranged bundles of tough collagen in the extracellular matrix of bone. This collagen is lined up in a spiraling vertical pattern in which the fibers in each lamella are perpendicular to those in adjacent lamellae. 2. Compression of the bone on the side of impact The bony collar have a stress on lateral impact. It withstands the pressure/stress/crushing by tough hydroxyapatite crystals in its extracellular matrix. These hydroxyapatite crystals serve as weight-bearing pillars for the bone. They arranged in layers within the osteons (Haversian systems) of compact bone. The middle area (medullary cavity) is filled with red and yellow bone marrow. The tough compact bone is not needed in the middle therefore compressive and tearing forces cancel each other out in mid-way through the bone. 5. Describe the microscopic features of the osseous tissue that help long bones withstand compressive forces without breaking The bony collar of long bones helps to support the weight of the body and withstand compressive stress. Epiphysis a spongy bone tissue is spherical in shape and is located at both the distal and proximal end of a long bone. Spongy bone tissue consists of an irregular latticework of thin needle-like threads of bone called trabeculae. The spongy bone in the epiphyses helps withstand compressive forces, it is well designed to pass on strength to a bone by adding minimum weight. The trabeculae develops along the bones line of stress, and help to distribute the weight of the body out to the bony collar of the diaphysis. Diaphysis is the long, cylindrical, hollow shaft of the bone. Trabeculae distributes the weight evenly. 6. What features of the knee joint structure help minimize friction between the thighbone and the leg bone? When two movable bones meet at a joint, their surfaces do not touch one another. The tow articular joint surfaces are covered with a smooth, slippery cap of cartilage known as articular cartilage. This cartilage helps to absorb shocks and prevent friction between parts. Enclosing two articular surfaces of the bone is a tough, fibrous connective tissue capsule called an articular capsule. Lining the articular capsule is a synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid into the synovial cavity. Synovial joints are type of joint in the body, permitting the greatest range of movement. The knee joint is an examples of synovial joints. The synovial joint consists of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, a fibrous articular capsule, and ligaments. The lubricating fluid (synovial fluid) in the capsule secreted into joint cavities. This fluid reduces the friction between the tibia and femur during extension and flexion of the knee. The synovial fluid secreted serves as a lubricant to prev ent friction between a tendon and a bone. The articualr surfaces of the tibia and femur are covered with smooth hyaline cartilage. This cartilage reduces friction between the bones. The medial and lateral menisci (fibrocrtilage) that locates on top of the tibial surface. On the distal surface of the femur the shape of lateral condyles and medial match the shapes of the menisci, this match shape stabilizes the knee joint and gives a shock absorbing function during weight-bearing. 7. Describe the changes a broken bone undergoes as it is healing. Healing process stages: A. Hematoma (fracture hematoma-blood clot) and granulation tissue forms- when bone breaks, blood leaks out of the veins and forms a clot (fracture hematoma). This helps to keep both pieces lined up for mending and stabilize the bone. B. Soft callus forms 1. fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate in from the periosteum and endosteum (takes 1st 3 to 4 weeks) 2. fibroblasts lay down a collagen matrix, some of the fibroblasts (osteogenic cells) differentiate into chondroblasts (cartilage-forming cells) and produce patches of fibrocartilage (soft callus) C. Hard callus osteoblasts begin to replace the fibrocartilage splint with spongy bone to join the broken ends or bone fragments together, forming a bulge which is wider than the after the injury. It takes 4 to 6 weeks for a hard callus to form. The broken bone is immobilized by cast to prevent reinjury. D. Remodeling Osteoclasts dissolve small fragments of broken bone, and osteoblasts deposit spongy bone to connect the gap between the broken ends. As the patient starts to use the bone (weight bearing), the bone starts to remodel along lines of maximal stress (requires the activity of both osteoblasts and osteoclasts) hard callus remodeled bone (the fracture leaves a slight thickening of the bone it is shows up on an X-ray). 8. How does weight bearing influence the bone repair process you described above? (i.e. what effect does weight-bearing have on the orientation of the Haversian systems?) Wolffs law is a hypothesis related to the effect of weight-bearing on bone remodeling. This law states that bone grows and remodels in response to the mechanical stresses placed upon it, therefore the bone adapts to withstand those stresses. The bone locates along lines of maximal stress. The reasons are: 1). long bones are the thickest midway down the diaphysis, since the stresses are the greatest in this location. 2). curved bones are the thickest where they are most likely to buckle 3). the bony plates in spongy bone for weight-bearing 4). large bony processes are located where muscles attach to/pull on bone The Haversian systems in bones locates along the lines of maximal stress. If persons exercise activities change, the microscopic structure of bones change. High-heeled shoes transfer the balanced distribution of the weight of the body form between the calcaneus (the heel bone) and the matatarsals (bones in the ball of the foot) to just the metatarsals. As a result, the arches of the foot do not absorb the force of the bodys weight, which may lead to injuries of the soft tissue structures, joints, and bones. Also, if woman wears flat shoe most of the time she will undergo a bone remodelling if she will start to wear high-heeled shoes. Fibular grafts can be used in remodelling process to replace arm bones due to medical condition such as cancer or some other injuries. If patient have had the mid-portion of his/her tibia removed, it can be replaced with fibular graft. The patient with such replacement will be able to do a weight-bearing on the graft. 9. Why did Nicoles bones heal much more quickly than her cartilage? Nicoles bones heal faster than her cartilage due to high vascularity. Bone contains of many blood vessels which allows a good blood supply and cartilage contains very few blood vessels (poor blood supply). The materials for healing move rapidly between blood vessels and bone cells. Cartilage receives its nutrients indirectly though diffusion from neighboring tissues and synocial fluid. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts repair and reshape the bone in faster rate. Osteoclasts dissolve small fragments of broken bone, and osteoblasts deposit spongy bone to connect the gap between the broken ends. Tendons and ligaments blood supply is between bone and cartilage. Tendons and ligaments heal faster than cartilage but slower than bone. The six month after Nicoles injury her meniscus was still damaged, torn meniscal cartilage should be removed via arthroscopic surgery.

Infrared Thermography System Requirements

Infrared Thermography System Requirements As the use of advanced materials continues to increase in the aerospace community, the need for a quantitative, rapid, in situ inspection technology has become a critical concern throughout the industry. In many applications it is necessary to monitor changes in these materials over an extended period of time to determine the effects of various loading conditions. Additionally, the detection and characterization of defects such as delaminations, cracking, corrosion, etc, is of great concern. 1.1 Thermographic inspection of materials Thermography is particularly adapted for non-destructive testing and can be used on different materials: carbon-epoxy, lightweight metallic alloys, thin metal skin on honeycomb structure (like aircraft doors), epoxy resin with glass fibre reinforcement GFRP, and panel skins with CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic) like helicopter blades. The control contributes to highlight the most prominent types of discontinuities seen in aerospace materials including: porosity, which reduces the compressive load carrying capability, water ingress or moisture which can degrade the mechanical properties of some resins or lead to freeze inside the part causing more and more damage, disbond or delamination or cracking resulting from low strength or failure, impact damage during the taxi or caused by bird strike or by a dropped tool during maintenance, and inclusions which can reduce strength by kinking the fibres around the inserted material. Thermographic methods are those in which the presence of flaws is determined by monitoring the flow of heat over the surface of a structure after some external introduction of a temperature gradient. The presence of flaws disrupts the normal pattern of heat flow that would be expected in a sound structure. The method is more sensitive to flaws near to the surface. Modern thermographic systems commonly use infrared (IR) cameras to detect radiated heat and are controlled by TV video electronics which sample the field of view at a typical rate of 50Hz, allowing temperature variations on a 20ms time-scale to be resolved. The camera is sensitive to temperature changes of about 0.005 °C and covers a chosen range of temperature, 4 °C and 8 °C being commonly suitable, although operation is possible between -50 °C and +100 °C. Liquid crystal coatings and pyroelectric detectors have also been used [3.1] to detect IR radiation. Infrared thermography has proved to be an effective tool in the inspection of materials. By providing either a single-sided or a two-sided inspection, the presence and growth of defects in aerospace structures can be evaluated and used to estimate the remaining life of these materials. Thermography can be performed using a variety of heat sources including flash heating (short pulse), step heating (long pulse) and spatially shaped heat sources, thus providing an inspection tool that is applicable to a wide range of material properties, thicknesses and defect types. The principle of infrared thermography (IRT) for non-destructive inspection (NDI) consists in highlighting the relevant differences or gradient disturbances of temperature due to imperfections and deteriorations of the inspected structures. They become visible on the surfaces of these objects. The domain of infrared thermography is quite recent and covers vast fields of applications. In the industrial context, infrared thermography is used either by the passive approach (by simple observation of the isotherms on the surface of interest) or by the active approach (by stimulating the thermal response of the specimen). Thermography has many advantages over more traditional inspection methods. For example, ultrasonic (UT) inspection methods typically require the use of a coupling medium (either water or some other fluid), which can present difficulties for some materials and can make in situ inspection significantly more complicated. Further, UT inspections consist of scanning a small diameter transducer over the surface of the structure; this requires expensive, automated scanning equipment and can be quite time consuming. Thermography, on the other hand, can rapidly image large areas of the structure with little or no surface preparation. As it is mentioned in [3.2], in a typical inspection it is possible to image a 1m2 area in approximately 20 seconds. 1.2 Thermography sensors specifications The IR or infrared portion occupies roughly the region between 10 to the minus 4 to 10 to the minus 3 centimetres, or, from about 1 micron to about 100 microns. But most commercial equipment comes designed to operate in portions of the region, for a number of reasons (lower atmospheric absorption of IR radiation -or IR atmospheric windows, detector availability at reasonable cost). Commercial IR thermography equipment comes in in the following wavelength bands and their filtered sub-bands. Common jargon follows approximately the terminology listed below [3.3]: the near IR region and band is from about 0.7 to 1.7 microns, the short wave or SW band is from about 1.8 to 2.4 microns, the medium wave or MW band is from about 2.4 to 5 microns, and the long wave or LW band is from about 8 to 14 microns. Depending on the selected wavelength, there are a number of performance requirements that must be properly defined to ensure high-quality inspection results. An overview of them is given in the following whereas a more detailed definition will follow in the next subsections of the deliverable. An infrared detector response greater than 5 microns and less than 15 microns with the spectral bandwidth encompassing the 8-10 micron region. Accurate data repeatability in temperature value and location. A direct linear correspondence between the distance travelled, anatomic location and the displayed temperature values. Controlled infrared beam collimation to prevent sensor cross-talk. A sufficient number of infrared samples must be taken in order to maintain an adequately detailed graph resolution. The number of samples taken should be equivalent to the minimum standards of acceptable camera systems. Repeatability and precision of 0.1 °C detection of temperature difference. Accuracy of +/- 2% or less. Ability to perform accurate quantitative differential temperature analysis. High-resolution image display for interpretation. Ability to archive images for future reference and image comparison. Software manipulation of the images should be maintained within strict parameters to insure that the diagnostic qualities of the images are not compromised. Having decided that a thermographic (infrared) inspection will provide the kind of information which will satisfy an inspection need, the next decision is to select a thermographic sensor. The technical specifications are lengthy and full of abbreviations and jargon. A full comprehension of the meanings and implications of the specifications is essential to making a correct equipment selection. The following information regarding the critical parameters in thermography inspection tasks has been taken from [3.4]. Operating Band, emissivity Correction, instantaneous Field of View (Spatial Resolution), measurement of Field of View, spot Size Ratio, noise Equivalent Temperature Difference, minimum Detectable Temperature, thermal Resolution, accuracy, zoom (optical and digital), lenses and Filters, frame Rate, field display, and non-uniformity Correction. The consortium has decided to avoid thermographic sensors with cooled detector types whose their cost can exceed 100,000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ per sensor. In case the performance of the uncooled thermo- cameras is not satisfying, the consortium will decide for the possible use of cooled thermography sensors. The technical specifications of the thermography sensors for the three wavelengths considered are analytically given in the following Table 3.1. Table 3.1: Technical specifications of the three operating bands in IR systems NIR MidWaveIR LongWaveIR Detector  type Uncooled microbolometer Image  format à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 80 x 80 pixel Pixel  pitch Spectral  range 0.9  µm à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 1.7  µm 3.5  µm à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 5  µm 8  µm à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 13  µm Range  for  measuring/ visualization -20  °C à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ +80 °C Temperature  resolution NETD Measurement  accuracy  ± 2 K (0  °C à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 100  °C) Dynamicrange 16 bit Imagerate > 30 frames per second Field  of  view > 15 ° x 15 ° Interfaces USB or Giga-Ethernet or CameraLink or IEEE-1394 (FireWire) or S-/-C-Video or RS-232 OR VGA or WLAN Power  supply 12VDC à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 24VDC Operating  temperature -15  °C à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. +45  °C Storing  temperature -25  °C à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ +50  °C Humidity Relative humidity 10% à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 95%, non-condensing Shock Operational : 25 G, IEC 68-2-29 Vibration Operational : 2 G, IEC 68-2-6 Weight Options Radiometric calibration -40  °C à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. + 300  °C High temperature calibration up to 1,200  °C Image processing functionalities Image capturing software 1.3 Active thermographic techniques and excitation sources Active infrared thermography [3.5] is a non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDTE) technique requiring an external source of energy to induce a temperature difference between defective and non-defective areas in the specimen under examination. A wide variety of energy sources are available, the most common types can be divided into optical, mechanical or inductive, although many other sources can be employed. Figure 3.1 shows typical examples of heat sources of these three excitation types. Figure 3.1 Heat sources/excitations examples: (a) optical: flashes (b) mechanical: ultrasonic transducer (c) inductive: electromagnetic coil 1.3.1 Proposed experimental setups for the thermographic techniques Regardless of the excitation mode being used, three thermographic techniques (pulsed, step and lock-in) will be employed. The experimental setup, along with some theoretical aspects, is given in the following. Pulsedthermography:Pulsed thermography (PT) is one of the most popular thermal stimulation methods in active thermography. One reason for this is the quickness of the inspection relying on a short thermal stimulation pulse, with duration going from a few milliseconds for high conductivity material inspection (such as metal) to a few seconds for low conductivity specimens (such as plastics). Figure 3.2: The proposed experimental set-up using pulsed thermography in reflection with optical excitation. Brief heating will be employed here where both the heating phase (while the pulse is applied) and the cooling phase will be observed. There is no interest in observing the thermal changes during the excitation since these images are often saturated. More importantly, this early data does not contain any information about the internal defects yet. In pulsed thermography, the stimulus will be applied with a xenon flash lamp for a flash pulse and alternatively with a halogen lamp in the transient case. Solving the Heat Conduction Equation tells us that the thermal propagation time to the depth of 2 mm to a subsurface defect is about 40 ms in aluminium and for 2 mm of graphite epoxy is about 30s. This means halogen lamps will be preferred here since flash is better for materials of high thermal diffusivity, e.g., metals. Materials with a low thermal diffusivity, e.g., composites, have a long thermal propagation time, which limits flash thermography to the detection of shallow defects. Stepheatingthermography:Step heating will be also investigated using a larger pulse (from several seconds to a few minutes). The temperature decay is of interest; in this case, the increase of surface temperature will be monitored during the application of a step heating pulse. Variations of surface temperature with time are related to specimen features as in PT. This technique is sometimes referred to as time-resolved infrared radiometry (TRIR). Lock-inthermography: Lock-in thermography (LT) will be also employed, (known as modulated thermography), where the specimen is stimulated with a periodic energy source, Figure 3.3. Sinusoidal waves of different frequencies will be used, although it is possible to use other periodic waveforms as well. Internal defects, acting as barriers for heat propagation, are expected to produce changes in amplitude and phase delay of the response signal at the surface that will permit the detection of defects in higher depths (>3mm). Figure 3.3: The proposed experimental set-up for lock-in thermography in reflection with optical excitation 1.3.2 Types of excitation sources Halogenlamps:mainly used in synchronously stimulated thermography as a radiation source for generating heat radiation with smooth time characteristics. Variations of active thermography with these lamps are popular under the names or Lock-In or phase sensitive (so named by analogy with the principle of operation of the Lock-In amplifier) and frequency- modulated (can be seen as a superposition of the Lock-In thermography). The use of halogen lamps as an energy source is necessary due to their relatively high efficiency, simplicity in use and possibility of control by amplitude modulation of conventional power units. Pulsedlamps:this type of source is mainly applicable to the methods for determining the time thermal transmission properties of materials by means of a generator as a source of excitation. There are used the methods of the optical pulse thermography where the studied structure is heated by short (single) thermal energy waves from xenon flash that create energy density to 100 kJ/m2 for a period of a few ms to a few s. The method is known as active thermography inspection by heat wave and is mainly used to determine the transient thermal response of the object. Non-opticalexcitationsources:ultrasound It is used in the thermo-vibration systems. For this purpose, a source or sources of ultrasonic waves are used which, in their distribution in locations of inhomogeneity or defect create acoustic friction. Thus, heat is generated which affects the surface of the material and is visible to the thermal camera. A typical application of ultrasound sources and vibration-thermography is for inspection of materials with very low thermal conductivity. The application of synchronous vibration-thermography allows increasing the resolution of this method and study of thin thermal layers in places with difficult access. As mentioned before, non-optical excitation sources are out of the scope and will not considered in the proposed experimentation. The required specifications for the excitation sources considered in the proposed experimentation have been identified and are given in the Table 3.2Table 3.4. Table 3.2: Flash lamps specifications Standard  flash  head Ringflash Energy max. 6000 J max. 3000 J Flash  frequency ~  ¼ s Power  connection 110-230 V / 50-60 Hz Accessories Lamps, reflectors, filters Table 3.3: Halogen lamps specifications Single  lamps Power consumption 500-1000 W / lamp @ 230V Lightoutput 37.000 350.000 cd axial Modulation frequency Sensible up to max. 1Hz Accessories Reflectors, filters, robot mounting Halogenlamparray Power consumption 4 x 650 W or 8 x 650 W Description Compact housing with air cooling and heat protective glass Table 3.4: Hot/cold gun specifications Heating  hose  supply 230 V / 50 Hz, compressed air approx. 2 bar Achievable  air  temperature Approx. 250  °C 1.4 Conclusions The specifications for the three IR sensors and the excitation sources have been identified. Especially, all the critical parameters in thermography inspection tasks were presented and the technical specifications of the thermography sensors for the three wavelengths were specified so as to meet the requirement of the problem. All the well-known excitation sources were also analytically presented and the technical specifications of the selected sources were determined.

J. D. Salinger :: Biography Biographies Essays

J. D. Salinger Biographer Ian Hamilton notes that J. D. Salinger has been notoriously "famous for not wanting to be famous" (4). Born in New York in 1919 and still living today, Salinger leads a rather reclusive lifestyle, choosing to avoid the general attentions of the press, and thus making his life a difficult subject for study. His work, however, has been cherished and studied for many years. He has published many works of fiction both in book form and in magazines such as the New Yorker and Esquire. One of his most intriguing novels is Franny and Zooey, which is actually composed of two short stories bearing those names. It is one of several of Salinger's works involving the Glass family, specifically Franny and her brother Zachary, known in the family as Zooey. "Franny" relates the manner in which she arrives by train to spend an afternoon with her boyfriend Lane, whom she has not seen for some time. Lane is by nature a repressive person, one who, waiting for a train, intentionally tries to "empty his face of all expression that might quite simply, perhaps even beautifully, reveal how he felt about the arriving person" (7). It beautifully and honestly illustrates the nature of their relationship, which is far less than perfect. In the wake of the suicide of her brother Seymour (which readers can learn more about in "A Perfect Day for Bananafish" included in Nine Stories'), Franny searches for spiritual meaning in her life. Her tool in this quest is a book entitled The Way of a Pilgrim, and in following the teachings of this book, she begins to consider the lack of meaning in some of her relationships, which, in this story, alienates Lane. The majority of the story focuses on their dinner conversation, and the tension which develops between the couple is well handled by Salinger; for example, when Franny begins acting strangely, Lane "looked at her, then exhaled an overly expressive stream of smoke down at his plate. 'This is going to be a real little doll of a weekend,' he said" (24). Eventually, out of mental exhaustion, Franny passes out in the restaurant, "Zooey" picks up where "Franny" leaves off; she has been sick as a result of her increasing self-neglect. The reader meets Zooey, who spends the greater part of the story discussing with Franny her condition. Franny reveals the main point of The Way of a Pilgrim, which is to repeat the Jesus Prayer incessantly until it becomes as natural and constant a bodily process as breathing.

A History of the Treatment of Insanity Essay examples -- Exploratory E

A History of the Treatment of Insanity Over the course of history, insanity has been subjected to a wide variety of treatments. Attempts to cure the mentally ill or simply relieve "normal" society of the problems caused by insanity have ranged from outright cruelty to higher degrees of humanity in today's society. This paper gives a brief overview of insanity--its believed causes and subsequent treatments--from primitive times up to the nineteenth century. There are two known traditions for diagnosis and treatment of mental illness: spiritual/religious and naturalistic/scientific. According to the spiritual/religious tradition, supernatural forces are the cause of insanity. One of the earliest examples of spiritual/religious treatment is a practice called trephining. Archeaologists have discovered skulls exhibiting this primitive form of psychiatric surgery. Trephining involved chipping holes in a victim's skull to release the evil spirits that were responsible for the person's mental illness. Other ancient peoples attributed insanity to the mischief of demons or the anger of the gods, namely the Chinese, Egyptian, and Hebrew societies. The Greek phisician Hippocrates believed insanity to be rooted in a lack of balance within the body. More specifically, he argued that a balance of four body fluids (or the four humors) was the key to mental health. An excess or deficiency of blood, phlegm, black bile, or yellow bile could lead to psychopathology. Those trained in the Hippocratic tradition were instructed to treat the mentally ill with attempts designed to restore the balance of the bodily fluids. These treatments were called "heroic" because they were drastic and often painful. Among them were bloodletting, purging, an... ...can Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII) was founded in 1844. It later became the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Its purpose is to designate the criteria to diagnose a patient as mentally ill (the current list of criteria is called the DSM-IV) and commit the person to an institution or design a course of treatment suited to the problem. Sources 1. Bankart, C. Peter. Talking Cures: A History of Western and Eastern Psychotherapies. Albany: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1997. 2. Emery, Robert E., and Oltmanns, Thomas F. Abnormal Psychology. New Jersey: Simon & Schuster, 1998. 3. Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. New York: Pantheon Books, 1965. 4. Rosen,. George. Madness in Society: Chapters in the Historical Sociology of Mental Illness. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Definition of Literature Essay

Literature is an outlet of escape from reality. At the end of the day, I open a book and allow the story to take me to a world where my own fades into a distant memory. With every turn of a page, my imagination is free to reinvent a narrative that is better than the reality I live. Literature can be non-fiction and based on facts surrounding real events, people, and places. Examples include history books, memoirs, biographies, newspapers, self-help, devotionals, and textbooks. Literature can also be writings based not on truth, but on the imagination and creativity of the author. This includes fiction novels and children story books. A lot of times authors of fiction will get their idea from a real life event and then they allow their imagination to recreate the characters and plot. Aside from being fiction or non-fiction, literature can also fall into different categories according to the genre, purpose, and style. Some genres include romance, science fiction, Christian, suspense, and western. The authors purpose for writing will likely determine what style and genre they will use. Poetry and drama are forms of literature that are stylistically different from other writings. Every writer wants to engage their audience and capture their attention in order to convey a message. The meaning of the text may hold differing messages within the audience, but it is the goal of the author to captivate the reader and keep them wanting to read more. John Smith wrote historical accounts of life while he was living. His writings brought insight and hope regarding English settlement during the early 1600s. The General History of Virginia is difficult to comprehend in areas because I am unfamiliar with his use and style of language, but nonetheless it is a beautifully written piece of literature. John Smith’s targeted audience was most likely the people of his time, with the goal of informing them of recent events. I appreciate the way he portrays the struggles of daily life realistically and in a way that inspires and intrigues. William Bradford was not formally educauted, yet he was a wise and well-read man. His writings spread throughout the world and have been studied and quoted by many. As with most of the literature from his time period, Bradford’s style is simple, but he writes with such conviction that demands the attention and respect of the reader. Bradford was a man of faith and often expressed this in his writing. In Of Plymouth Plantation he often refers to God’s providence and makes continuous references to God. Bradford may refer to God more than any other author in this colonial unit. Anne Bradstreet was a powerful force in literature during the 1960s because she was one of the first recognized women poets. Centuries later she is a revered writer and her poetry remains enchanting. â€Å"Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is the opening line to her poem The Author of Her Book and illustrates just how feeble her brain is not. She has the unique capacity to use words to express herself so creatively and with so much emotion. To My Dear and Loving Husband is a great romantic poem that I admire. Bradstreet’s style reminds me slightly of my own. However I need more experience and practice to become nearly as talented as she. Upon the Burning of Our House reminds of my own experience of a house fire and has inspired me to attempt to capture my experience through poetry. Through all Anne Bradstreet’s work, she inspires others to recognize the beauty and power in writing. Edward Taylor was a highly educated, well respected, and devout religious man who used poetry as a private expression of his faith. He did not seek fame or recognition for his writing, rather just the pleasure it brought him. Taylor writes of God beautifully and is a master of creating moving and emotional works of art without intending to. As with most poets, Taylor and Bradstreet used metaphors and had a personal style unique from others. There is also an overflowing of emotion from both Taylor and Bradstreet within all their writings. William Byrd was a very accomplished man of his time. He was well educated, respected, and prosperous. His most famous writings are the journals that he wrote to describe day to day life. In The History of the Dividing Line I was able to pick up on the humor that has lead Byrd to be one of the first distinct comedic writers. The humor is not â€Å"pee your pants funny† rather it is more light-hearted humor that makes the reader smile. It is evident in his writing that Byrd was indeed well-read. A writer is capable of learning a great deal about language, word usage, and style through reading. Byrd’s style is simple, yet he articulates his message very well and although he wrote for himself, he managed to write in a way that would capture an audience’s attention. Jonathan Edwards was an intelligent man of God who served as a preacher. As an author, he wrote popular sermons and other serious works on religion, metaphysics, and philosophy. Edwards’ style of writing is quite different from other authors in this unit because unlike the others he gives the reader an array of possible positions for the topic he is presenting. In the sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, Edwards develops his view on destruction and punishment from verses in Deuteronomy. Not only does he explain how he interprets the scripture, he also gives other possible views. St. Jean De Crevecoeur wrote about religion but he did not profess or maintain that he believed in God. He was a well-educated humanitarian who served his people and country. I found Letters from an American Farmer difficult to get through because his style of writing is unexciting. I was also turned off by the way he wrote about certain topics particularly African American issues. Crevecoeur was not a racist man, but he lacked some sensitivity in discussing his unique view on negroes and parenting. He believed that negroes should not continue having children because if they did misery would undeniably result for themselves and their offspring. I understand that he is referring to slaves and perhaps even slaves may have wished to not have children in order to save future generations from being forced into slavery. Crevecoeur surprised me with the boldness in his writing. The progression of writing from Smith to Crevecoeur is interesting to track and there are noticeable changes in language and word usage. As defined earlier, literature to me is written art that engages my imagination and takes my mind away from reality. Not every piece of literature will bring me the pleasure of leaving my own world for a moment and that does not mean the author has failed. Genre plays an important role in this element of the definition. For example the writings from the colonies unit are primarily non-fiction history writings that are meant to inform more than entertain. Anne Bradstreet is an exception. As the writer of poetry, her style is most obviously different from the more serious and constructed essays of the other writers. Every writer has a style that is unique, however one similarity in the colonial writings is the purpose of the author’s writing. Many of the writers were writing for the sake of recording daily life and making historical accounts of slavery, war, and developing colony life. Centuries later, authors such as Smith, Bradford, Bradstreet, Taylor, Edwards, and Crevecoeur are recognized as masters in the field of writing. Writers during the establishment of the colonies wrote simple, yet serious and powerful pieces of art. They have a style of writing and voice that still captures the hearts of readers.

Little Sister

SCENE 21 BELLA is walking defeat the h tout ensemble. She has been crying. JORDAN spots her BELLA Do you have either chips? JORDAN No. Bella, you okay? BELLA Fine. Dont look at me. JORDAN No youre not. Whats wrong? BELLA I carry some chips. An economy size cardinal- stand niche of chips. JORDAN Tracey Has she been bugging you, go againsting your BELLA Not her. Katie. JORDAN Katie BELLA Sometime she thunder mug be incredibly involve. Every i can be increadibly recollect. JORDAN Tell me ab tabu it. Tracey just kicked the flank on my dads car. She scratched it. Im not kidding.BELLA If I had no cardinal to go with and you had no one to go with JORDAN W here? BELLA To ammonium alum. JORDAN Grads two years away. BELLA If neither of us had anyone to go with could we could we go to pick upher? JORDAN Sure. But thats way in the future, Bella. Youll probably be married by then, a obedient Italian girl give care you BELLA You mean it? Youll really g o with me? I get so wo rried Ill miss it. I get so worried I cant sleep at night. You really mean it? JORDAN Bella Id like to go with you. Even if youre loss out with someone Ill hold you to it. Ill force you to go with me.Its a date and Im it. o.k.? BELLA Deal. BACKGROUND There are principal(prenominal) five characters in the script of light Sister Tracey, Katie, Bella, Jay and Jordan. The author of this script is Joan Macleod. It happened in a Vancouver schooling. Katie just moves to here from Toronto. She hasnt adapted here yet. Tracey and Bella are friends and culture in this school. Other two boys Jay and Jordan are good friends too. From the script, Jay likes the youthful girl Katie because she is untainted and totally different from the girls here (He thinks) however, Tracey seems like Jay A triangle love.And Jordan is polished to everybody. The one of the scene in this script, gibe 21, it occurs the school hall. Bella is walking down the hall. She has been crying because Katie hurt Bell as weight problem. And Jordan who is a patient of guy spots Bella. The relationship among Jordan and Bella is not really close to each(prenominal) other. But both of them are nice and pure. In this scene, Jordan knows why Bella cries, and promises her to go the grad together, although, grad is still two years away. The end with the scene is Jordan requires Bella happy and smile.THE shore LIST Two chairs One bag with towels One Tennis racket theatrical role ANALYSIS BELLA Bella is very nice to the new student Katie. She is a kind and frank girl. On Page 56 and 57, Bella say hello to Katie and tried to introduce her-self Im Bella. Youre new, eh? Moreover, Bella discussed those models weights on the spurt magazine with Katie on page 73, guesswork 7, although Bella have the weight problem too. female childs washroom, Bella and Katie are poring over a fashion magazine.. Bella got good fool on her history project which is B.It in like manner mentioned on page 75, Scene 7, Bella What did you get on your history project? Tracey C minus. Bella I got a B. Katie? Bella thought she was plonk and Tracey didnt agree. On page 66, Scene 4, when Tracey said that Katie agree with her about Paula Abduls fat, Bella shouted Fat God What do you two think when you look at me? However, Tracy didnt mind and answered We think youre big-boned. Bellas first goal was passing game to the Halloween dances as bloody shame, and she achieved. My goal is the Halloween dance. Twenty-six pounds.Thats my first goal Tracey Im going to the Halloween dance as Madonna Page 57, Scene 1 Then, on page 79, Scene 9, Jordan, Bella and Tracey are in the washroom, passing around a nursing bottle of beer. Bella is dressed like Madonna. Bellas auntieie lives in Toronto. It could be proved by Page 59, Scene 2, Tracy Wherere you from? Katie Toronto. Bella My aunt lives there. Ross Scarpacci. Shes my mums littlest babe What is more, Bella asked Tracy to go see Katie together when Katie was in hospital. On page 87, Scene 11, we should go see her.Ive never even been in hospital overnight, except when I was born(p) Bella got the card for everyone to sign and tried to make Katie feeling better in the hospital. On page 92, Scene 13, Tracey We just got here you look good. You look okay. Katie Fat. Bella Katie, you look pretty Bella Everybody misses you On page 107, Scene 20, all girls are talking about their project for spring break. Bella is going to Disneyland. Were going to Disneyland. Can you believe it? Ive cherished to go since I was two precisely not now. You want some chips?

Protestant Reformation Essay Essay

Have you aver questi oned ascendence or superordinate word forces than yourself? Martin Luther and John Calvin, devil famous theologians deeply questioned their measure authority, the Catholic church building. These two had created a parvenu sort of thinking and voicing it give a demeanor, peculiarly when it comes to religion. Questioning the Catholic church building and the throws that came with that do twain of them basin points in the fields history only the question relies on why they outpouringed the fundamental principles of the church. The bullnecked resister to marketing indulgences and that anyone could make its look to heaven if they had the even out amount of gold was what ignited the reclamation, including Martin Luther 95 theses against indulgences.Later on came John Calvins work against the Catholic church including the Geneva reform and his liking of predestination, the idea that God is willing every last(predicate) of the events that toilet h appen in ones life- cadence. both of these theologians had intentions of creating a truer version of the Christian religion and created their witness form and version of Catholicism, Calvinism and Lutheranism. Some viewed these reinvigorated pitchforkes/forms of Christianity as a new bureau of interpreting the religion and some according to Prentice H totally world history thought it would be a prognosis to throw off the rule of both the church service and the Holy Roman Empire. (Ellis and Esler 64) In a whole, both of their works were a way to altercate and aggress the church and to juncture out their ideas, which differed from those of the religious authorities.In this time period, late 15th by means of the break of the 16th century, the Catholic church building was the predominant authority and religion in most of Europe, it had a determined of rules, in theory based on the record book, that everyone had to follow. However, these so called laws from the news were change and do to ar consecrate the leaders, especially rich individuals. whiz of the main laws was flagrantly incommensurate and mass understood that but couldnt voice it out fearing the superior powers in rule. This law, of course was in the advantage of the most fortunate and the richest. This was the law selling indulgence and paying off your sins, meaning that if you had the right amount of money one could pay its way to heaven. As said earlier, several mountain believed it wasnt correct and embody however the problem they face in those generation was that a wide throw away of people did non know how to represent and had no evidence or proof that what the Catholic Church said was antithetic from what was written in the book of account.When erudite theologians such Martin Luther heard about such law, he found it unacceptable, to demonstrate it, he wrote a label of points against selling indulgences and how indulgences should be. This directly challenged the teachi ngs of the Catholic Church on the nature of penance, the authority of the pope and the usefulness of indulgences. (Theopedia, cyclopedia of Christianity) Luther posted these points on the Churchs threshold and it grabbed people attention, nevertheless a wide range of people believed that these points were true. This was the spark of Lutheranism, a new discriminate of Christianity based on the Martin Luthers ideas and works.Few age later came John Calvin, a theologian and reformer. Calvin attacked at his free the Catholic Church. He, very similarly to Luther, believed that selling indulgences wasnt correct and more(prenominal) importantly he embraced the cin one casept of predestination, the belief that God is wanting and knows everything that major power happen in ones life. He to a fault created a theocracy a government that was ran by church pointednessmen. Based on his ideas and concepts he created, at his turn, a new branch of Christianity. This was another challenge forw arded to Catholic Church.On the other hand, the Catholic Church did not change any of its laws done out the reformation period. Catholicism compared in numerous ways with both Calvinism and Lutheranism on many subjects. In Catholicism, the script is one source of truth and church custom is another source of truth. However in Calvinism and Lutheranism, the bible is the only source of truth. These branches also differ in how the belief is revealed, in Catholicism the non-Christian priest interprets the bible and people are transmitted that education through Church teachings. On the other side, in the two other branches, people read and interpret the bible for them to find what is written. Catholicism also believes that salvation is achieved through faith and sizeable work, and most importantly that one can pay off its sins with current money this is way the branches differ.Selling indulgences was the result of needing money to pay lavish pope lives, and the artists they paid to work for them. This meant that the Catholic Church was widely moving away from the schoolmaster biblical writing and interpreting it differently to pay personal projects. In these cases religion wasnt prize and that is what mainly sparked these epic reforms. In Catholicism, the only way to achieve salvation is through faith and good works. At those measure, popes and renaissance leaders took advantage of all of these modified biblical rules and mind washed people to achieve once again personal projects.This branch of Catholicism also gave a disadvantage of infelicitous people, lower classes and execrable people. During the reformation times, poor people did not know how to read and therefore could read and have their own interpretation of the bible. Their only way to know what is supposedly written was through the priests interpretation and Church teaching. However, as declared earlier these teachings and passing of religious laws were not accurate, they were modified by the priests and upper class barons, which obviously gave them an advantage.Lutheranism was the jump branch that appeared. When Martin Luther posted the 95 theses on the Churchs doors, he expected an obvious opposition by the leaders and authorities. When Luthers ideas started spreading the Church asked him to remove all of his works and let his projects down. rather he developed even more source and new doctrines. (Ellis and Esler 63) One of the key factors to the spread of his ideas was the conception Gutenbergs invention, the issueing press. It made it possible to print a large amount of copies of the 95 theses. Among his ideas, he stated that salvation could be achieved through faith and faith alone, compared to Catholicism and Calvinism.Martin also said that at the heads church should be an take council. Calvinism was also a source of inspiration to all of the peasants that believed that this rule has been brain washing them and in party favor of the richest. It ignited revo lts all over Europe and results in socio-economic changes these were mainly present through out Germany. One of the points Luther stressed is that all Christians should have the same and equal access to religion and God. This was an immense attack to the principles of the Catholic Church.What was making the Catholic Churchs head so influent and imposing was being attacked, those times people not accessing accurate information made it possible for the authorities to remain. However, with these new prominent and seemingly fair ideas, the Church was vulnerable to new revolts and opposition. Last, Lutheranism also was a wonderful chance to gain power. trivial German princes embraced Lutheranism for the simple reason to overthrown the current Catholic Church. On the other side, Lutheranism doesnt ploughshare a lot of details with Catholicism they both share monotheist views, faith in God and Jesus as well as other broad and large concepts.Lastly, Calvinism came to create a new reform ed font of Protestant Christianity. John Calvin, the major author of this new branch was himself a reformer and had lived in motley European countries, he was a refugee among refugees. (Vosloo 3) However once in Geneva, Protestant wanted him to lead their people. To do that Calvin created a theocracy, a government led by church leaders. They later on gave birth to Calvinism, which was essentially attached to the predestination concept.. To Calvinists, predestination is what rules our everyday life and our future, God knows what we did, do, and will do.They also believe in the idea that God has already determined who would nonplus salvation, and that the world contained two different types of people, those who sinned and saints At its turn it was a way to challenge the Catholic Church since it strictly denied the existence of predestination and that there wasnt such thing. Calvinism was not very far different from Lutheranism, both believed that the bible is the only source of in formation and that every citizen should read and interpret the bible by his or her own means.In this branch, work and honesty, Calvinism was so strict that anyone that engaged in laughing in church, dancing, or fighting would be heavily fined. Nevertheless, Calvinism expand through visitors and travelers that came to Geneva to embrace the concept of Calvinism, and therefore brought it back home. This was so successful that in Scotland a Calvinist rebel defeated the Catholic cigaret and gained power. On the other side of the English Canal, fierce war was going on between Calvinists and Christians.To conclude, the reformation was a time period of questioning, a time of new reforms and equal laws. Martin Luther and John Calvin were the landmarks in these times and were the ones that ignited the reformation. Creating new religious branches, Calvinism and Lutheranism, which embraced laws that gave an opportunity to the poor to understand the true meaning of the bible. Giving this oppor tunity to unfortunate people helped start new socio-economic reforms in their favor.It was the fruit of Luther and Calvins questioning of the Church and the attack of their principles. By writing the 95 theses against selling indulgences, Luther made people aware that the Churchs laws were not always coherent. The peoples huge hesitation toward the Catholic Church made it easier for Calvin to impose new beliefs such as predestination and a more refined and clean way of living religion. whole three branches of Christianity had both common and non-common points however Lutheranism and Calvinism were a good deal more similar than to Catholicism.